Goldenweiser’s concept on ”involution”

Alexander Alexandrovich Goldenweiser (January 29, 1880 – July 6, 1940)
"This feature has often been commented on by observers of primitive life. The all pervading ceremonialism of the Todas, the interminable exchanges of presents attending Trobriand marriages, the minute apportionment of a hunting booty among the Central Australians (just such and such apiece to such and such a relative), the elaborateness of Maori or Marquesan Art (arts that overreach themselves), the ravages of taboo in Polynesia (taboo run amuck) - all of these and many similar cultural traits exhibit development by involution. (Anthropology, 414)."
クリフォード・ギアツの「文化」人類学(Mitzuho Ikeda)
Clifford Geertz's Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia, 1963
"Only the recontextualisation of Javanese and Indonesian economic processes within Javanese and Indonesian life as concretely enacted, the de-externalisation of culture, can reduce this indeterminacy, however slightly, and deliver answers we can have some faith in, however modest." -- Clifford Geertz, 1984.